KPE162 - PECO Assignment
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University of Toronto *
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Course
162
Subject
Biology
Date
Dec 6, 2023
Type
docx
Pages
9
Uploaded by KidSwan3984
1
1.
Identify the principal / primary truth claim made in the assigned publication from a
popular medium using the PECO format.
In so doing, you must clearly specify what
Population, Exposure, Comparator, and Outcome are involved (or whether that is unclear
or indeterminate based on what is said in the publication).
If the publication makes more
than one truth claim, choose whatever you think the primary claim made is (that is,
choose one to analyze). (2 marks)
Overall truth claim:
An overactive immune response (elevated inflammatory cytokine levels)
to the mRNA Covid vaccines is the cause of rare cases of myocarditis in some young men.
Population
: young men, specifically 23 patients (mostly male: 87%) ages 13 to 21
Exposure
: Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna vaccine.
Control
: Unstated in the popular press article (healthy vaccinated patients)
Outcome
: elevated cytokine levels in blood samples of those exposed to the vaccine → plays a
role in tissue inflammation which is claimed to cause inflammation of heart tissue and
myocarditis
1.
Does the scholarly article referenced by the popular medium address the PECO
question identified in question 1?
Briefly explain how or why it does or does not
address the PECO question identified in question 1. (1 mark)
The scholarly article referenced by the popular medium does well in addressing
the
PECO question of the underlying mechanisms that cause myocarditis, regarding the SARS-CoV-
2 mRNA vaccines. The truth claim made by the popular press article suggests that myocarditis
can be attributed to inflammation due to elevated cytokine levels. This is reflected in the study,
stating that, “our results demonstrate up-regulation in inflammatory cytokines and corresponding
lymphocytes with tissue-damaging capabilities, suggesting a cytokine-dependent pathology,”
(Barmada
et al.
, 2023).
2.
Does the truth claim identified above involve correlation, causation, or both?
Does the scholarly article involve descriptive or experimental studies, or both?
Briefly justify your answers. (1 mark)
The truth claim identified above involves correlation. It seeks to identify the specific
mechanisms of myocarditis arising from the COVID-19/SARs vaccine, however this is not
possible with the nature of the study conducted. There was no independent variable being
directly manipulated, rather researchers were observing different dependent variables between
two groups; healthy vaccinated individuals and patients with myopericarditis. This is
characteristic of a descriptive study, and studies of this nature are unable to yield insight into the
direct cause-relationship between the claims being made. It yielded insight into the correlation
between elevated inflammatory cytokines and myocarditis, however the direct causation of
myocarditis is yet to be confirmed.
3.
Does the popular medium publication accurately reflect, exaggerate, or
misrepresent the scholarly literature it refers to?
Briefly justify your answer. (1
2
mark)
The popular medium publication slightly misrepresents the scholarly literature it refers to.
This is because the popular medium population suggests a direct causation type relationship
between myocarditis and elevated cytokine levels, “overactive immune response to the mRNA
Covid vaccines may be the culprit in rare cases of heart inflammation,” (Lovelace, 2023). This is
slightly inaccurate as the information in the scholarly source does not provide a direct conclusion
into the causation relationship between vaccines, cytokine levels, and myocarditis, but rather
yields insight into the correlation between these occurrences. Despite this slight
misrepresentation, the information that the article presents is nevertheless mostly accurate.
3
References
Alami, A., Villeneuve, P. J., Farrell, P. J., Mattison, D., Farhat, N., Haddad, N., Wilson, K.,
Gravel, C. A., Crispo, J. A. G., Perez-Lloret, S., & Krewski, D. (2023). Myocarditis and
Pericarditis Post-mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination: Insights from a Pharmacovigilance
Perspective. Journal of clinical medicine, 12(15), 4971.
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12154971
Barmada, A., Klein, J., Ramaswamy, A., Brodsky, N. N., Jaycox, J. R., Sheikha, H., Jones, K.
M., Habet, V., Campbell, M., Sumida, T. S., Kontorovich, A., Bogunovic, D., Oliveira, C.
R., Steele, J., Hall, E. K., Pena-Hernandez, M., Monteiro, V., Lucas, C., Ring, A. M., …
Lucas, C. L. (2023). Cytokinopathy with aberrant cytotoxic lymphocytes and profibrotic
myeloid response in SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine–associated myocarditis.
Science
Immunology
,
8
(83), eadh3455–eadh3455.
https://doi.org/10.1126/SCIIMMUNOL.ADH3455
Bozkurt, B., Kamat, I., & Hotez, P. J. (2021). Myocarditis With COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines.
Circulation
,
144
(6), 471–484. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.056135
Cadegiani F. A. (2022). Catecholamines Are the Key Trigger of COVID-19 mRNA
Vaccine-Induced Myocarditis: A Compelling Hypothesis Supported by Epidemiological,
Anatomopathological, Molecular, and Physiological Findings. Cureus, 14(8), e27883.
https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.27883
Cushion, S., Arboleda, V., Hasanain, Y., Demory Beckler, M., Hardigan, P., & Kesselman, M. M.
(2022). Comorbidities and Symptomatology of SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome Coronavirus 2)-Related Myocarditis and SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine-Related
Myocarditis: A Review. Cureus, 14(4), e24084. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.24084
4
Delıce, A. (2010). The sampling issues in quantitative research. Kuram Ve Uygulamada Eğitim
Bilimleri, 10(4), 2001-2018. http://myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/login?qurl=https%3A
%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fscholarly-journals%2Fsampling-issues-quantitative-
research%2Fdocview%2F1431011942%2Fse-2%3Faccountid%3D14771
1
Hromić-Jahjefendić, A., Sezer, A., Aljabali, A. A. A., Serrano-Aroca, Á., Tambuwala, M. M.,
Uversky, V. N., Redwan, E. M., Barh, D., & Lundstrom, K. (2023). COVID-19 Vaccines
and Myocarditis: An Overview of Current Evidence. Biomedicines, 11(5), 1469.
https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11051469
Hsieh, M. H., & Yamaguchi, Y. (2022). Immune Response in Regard to Hypersensitivity
Reactions after COVID-19 Vaccination. Biomedicines, 10(7), 1641.
https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10071641
Husby, A., Hansen, J. V., Fosbøl, E., Thiesson, E. M., Madsen, M., Thomsen, R. W., Sørensen,
H. T., Andersen, M., Wohlfahrt, J., Gislason, G., Torp-Pedersen, C., Køber, L., & Hviid,
A. (2021). SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and myocarditis or myopericarditis: population
based cohort study. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 375, e068665. https://doi-
org.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/10.1136/bmj-2021-068665
Kim, I. C., Kim, H., Lee, H. J., Kim, J. Y., & Kim, J. Y. (2021). Cardiac Imaging of Acute
Myocarditis Following COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination. Journal of Korean medical
science, 36(32), e229. https://doi-
org.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e229
Kyaw, T., Drummond, G., Bobik, A., & Peter, K. (2023). Myocarditis: causes, mechanisms, and
evolving therapies. Expert opinion on therapeutic targets, 27(3), 225–238.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14728222.2023.2193330
1
Source was used in part 4- Reflection on Evidentiary Support, and is unrelated to the truth claim.
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